The Groups > Professor Andrew Smith
 

Professor F. Andrew Smith, FAA
Adjunct Professor
Institutional Address: Soil & Land Systems, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide - Waite campus, Adelaide SA 5005

Personal Website address: http://ees.adelaide.edu.au/people/soil/asmith01.html
Email andrew.smith@adelaide.edu.au

Research Aims
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The Big Question

  • To understand the mechanisms by which soil mineral nutrients are taken up by plants: 1) influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant nutrition, growth and competition; 2) interactions between toxic elements in soil and nutrient uptake.

The Short-term goals

  • To determine if major variations in the AM fungal contributions to plant P uptake that we have recently discovered are related to differential expression of mycorrhiza-specific P transporters in plant roots, and can be correlated with differences in AM structures.

  • To extend investigation of the contributions of AM fungi to nutrition of plants that do not respond to colonisation in terms of increased whole-plant nutrition and growth, following the demonstration that an 'unresponsive' plant, tomato, can receive up to 100% of its plant P via AM fungi. Cereals will be studied in this respect.

  • To ascertain if the benefits of AM symbioses that are 'hidden' when plants are grown individually in pots result in competitive benefits when the plants are grown in competition with plants of constitutively nonmycorrhizal plant species.

  • (In collaboration with colleagues in China ) To investigate effects of soil toxins, especially heavy metals, on uptake of selected mineral nutrients; and to ascertain if AM symbioses alter the interactions.

Group (lab) Members and areas of research
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(See also web page of Professor SE Smith)

1. Adelaide

  • Dr Sandy Dickson Mycorrhizas/nutrient transfer/imaging and confocal microscopy.

  • Dr Jan Jansa (visitor from Switzerland ). Diversity of function of AM symbioses; molecular assessment of mycorrhizal fungal communities; gene expression.

  • Mr Hamid Asghari PhD student (SE Smith/FA Smith/D Chittleborough) Mycorrhizas and vegetation re-establishment in saline soils (Iranian Government Scholarship; due to complete in 2004).

  • Ms Lisa Li PhD student (SE Smith/FA Smith/P Marschner/Y-G Zhu). Mycorrhizal influences on the nutrition and yield of wheat (IPRS).

  • Ms Reiko Shibata PhD student (SE Smith/FA Smith). Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses.

  • Mr Ashley Martin . Ph S student (SE Smith/FA Smith/J McMaster). The contribution of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to sustainable tomato production in Australia . (APAI).

Three additional PhD students will be supervised during 2004.

2. International collaborative programs

  • Professor Zhu Yongguan and his group at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing. Nutrient/toxic element interactions.

  • Dr Iver Jakobsen , Risoe National Laboratories, Denmark . Physiology of AM symbioses.

Funding
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Current

  • SE Smith, FA Smith, RJ Reid. Dynamics of development and activity of interfaces in arbuscular mycorrhizas (ARC Discovery 2001-3; carry-over into 2004).

  • SE Smith, SJ Barker, FA Smith. Targeted analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis phenome in a model host, tomato (ARC Discovery 2003-5).

  • SE Smith, FA Smith, with F-S Zhang, X-L Li, Y-G Zhu. Improving soil environmental quality: the soil-plant interface (DEST China Higher Education Strategic Initiative 2003-4).

  • SE Smith, FA Smith, J McMaster. The contribution of the beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to sustainable tomato production in Australia (ARC Linkage: APAI).

Applications submitted or planned

  • SE Smith & FA Smith. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in plant competition: revealing the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms. (ARC Discovery).

  • With SE Smith: collaborations with I Jakobsen ( Denmark ), M Bucher ( Switzerland ) & M. Harrison ( USA ): nutrient uptake by AM plants: molecular and physiological studies.

Techniques in the Laboratory
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Currently active

  • Radioactive isotopes; plant nutrition & growth (see also SE Smith's Web page)

In development

  • Identification of AM fungi in roots: microscopic & molecular methods (with SE Smith)
Main areas of expertise
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Top three areas of knowledge

  1. Plant membrane transport; plant nutrition & growth; physiology & ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses.

Top three technical skills

  1. Use of radioisotopes as tracers; evaluation of AM effects on plant nutrition and growth; experimental design & analysis.
A statement of the most significant contributions to this research field
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I am an internationally recognised expert on plant nutrition and membrane transport, including (since the 1980's) arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. I have 35 years continuous experience as Chief Investigator of projects funded by AR(G)C and rural funding agencies in Australia . I provide expertise in the physiology of AM symbioses, especially processes involved in uptake and transport of phosphate and other nutrients. Recently, I have extended my input to ecological aspects, e.g. competition between AM plants in the field, and also to phenotypic AM diversity. Altogether, I have about 270 publications, of which about 80 refereed research papers and invited reviews, and about 70 conference papers, deal with mycorrhizal symbioses.

I was instrumental in highlighting the widespread occurrence and potential significance of Paris type AM, and AM phenotypes that are intermediate with Arum types (F.A. Smith and S.E. Smith, 1996, 1997: invited reviews). Recently I played a major part in the demonstration that small hyphal compartments and radioactive tracer P can be used to quantify P transfer to hosts (responsive to AM or otherwise) via the AM hyphal pathway (SE Smith, FA Smith & I Jakobsen, 2003 and in press). The invited chapter 'Mycorrhizas', of which I was lead author, in the monograph 'Root Ecology' (FA Smith, SE Smith & S Timonen, 2003) contains ideas about plant-fungal interactions at the community level that were a foundation for this application to ARC. Currently about 90% of my scientific research focuses on AM symbioses. I am co-supervising 3 PhD students researching the development, molecular biology and physiology of AM; at least two more will enrol in 2004.

Other evidence of impact and contributions to the field
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Honours include: PL Goldacre Award of the Australian Society of Plant Physiologists (1974), David Syme Research Prize of the University of Melbourne (1981), Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Science (1990), Honorary Membership of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association (1999), and Centenary Medal (Commonwealth of Australia) for services to biology. I am currently a member of the Council of the Australian Academy of Science. I was a member of the ARGC Plant and Animal Biology subcommittee for 5 years, including three years as panel chair. I am a former Director of the Centre for Plant Membrane Biology (University of Adelaide and Flinders University of SA), a former member of the Centre for Plant Root Symbioses (University of Adelaide), and a current member of its successor, the Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions. I will be associated with the new Plant Nutriomics Network, to be based at the University of Adelaide.

At the request of the Research & Development Centre for Biology of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia, I instigated a UNESCO-sponsored International Training Workshop and Conference: 'Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Tropical Agricultural and Forest Ecosystems' that were held in Bogor in 1997 in conjunction with the Bogor Agricultural University (Workshop leader: Professor SE Smith). I played a major role, as member of the Organising Committee and Treasurer, in organising the 3 rd International Conference on Mycorrhizas, Adelaide, 2001.

I have international collaborations in mycorrhizal research as first CI of an ARC-IREX project with Risø National Laboratories, Denmark, and the University of Lund, Sweden, as well as a major collaboration with two top-ranking institutes in Beijing, China, the China Agricultural University and the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In addition, I have participated widely - internationally and nationally - in conferences, seminars and workshops (most recently in Switzerland, China and Australia), on editorial boards and as referee of grants and publications for numerous agencies and journals. I am currently one of the two Managing Editors of the international research journal 'Mycorrhiza', published in Germany by Springer.

I took voluntary early retirement from the Chair of Botany in the University of Adelaide at the end of 2000, aged 60, to concentrate on research. As well as being a Professor Emeritus of the University, I am an Adjunct Professor in the discipline of Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (5 year appointment). I spend on average 4 days per week on all research-related activities, including supervision of PhD students. In due course I shall apply for extension of the Adjunct position for a further 5 years, and the Head of School (Professor Bob Hill) has indicated his support.

Publications - Last 5 years
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Books

  • Zhu, Y-G. and Smith, F.A . Eds (2004). Soil-Plant Interactions (special issue of Plant and Soil ). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht , The Netherlands, in press.

  • *Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . Eds (2002). Diversity and Integration in Mycorrhizas. Proceedings of 3 rd International Conference on Mycorrhizas, Adelaide . Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht , The Netherlands . This is an edited volume in which all papers were refereed.

Reviews and refereed book chapters

  • * Smith, F.A ., Smith, S.E. and Timonen, S. (2003). Mycorrhizas. In: Root Ecology, Ed by H. de Kroon and E.J.W. Visser, Ecological Studies 168, Springer. Berlin and Heidelberg , pp 257-295. Invited and reviewed.

  • *Jakobsen, I. Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (2002). Function and diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas. In: Ecological Studies, 157. Mycorrhizal Ecology. (eds M. van der Heijden and I.R. Sanders). Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg , 75-92.

  • Ezawa, T., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2002). P metabolism and transport in AM fungi. Plant and Soil 244, 221-230.

  • Reid, R.J. and Smith, F.A . (2002) The Cytoplasmic pH stat. In: Handbook of Plant Growth .pH as a Master Variable in Plant Growth . Ed. Z Rengel, Marcel Dekker: NY. pp 49-71

  • Smith, F.A . (2001). Membrane transport: mechanisms and processes from organelles to whole plant. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , 28, 519-521. (Special Volume).

  • Hayes, D.E., Smith, F.A . and Walker, N.A. (2001). High-affinity potassium transport in wheat roots involves sodium: a role for HKT1? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28, 645-654. (Special Volume).

  • *Smith, S.E ., Dickson, S. and Smith, F.A . (2001). Nutrient transfer in arbuscular mycorrhizas: how are fungal and plant processes integrated. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28, 683-694 (Special Volume).

  • * Smith, F.A . (2000). Measuring the influence of mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 148, 4-6. (Invited Commentary)

  • Smith, F.A . (1999). Symbiotic associations [mycorrhizas]. In: Plants in Action. (eds. B. Atwell, P. Kriedemann and C. Turnbull). MacMillan ( Australia ), pp. 528; 531-534.

  • *Smith, S.E., Rosewarne, G.M., Ayling, S.M., Dickson, S., Schachtman, D.P., Barker, S.J. and Smith, F.A . (1999) Mycorrhizal involvement in plant mineral nutrition: a molecular and cell biology perspective. In: Plant Nutrition - Molecular Biology and Genetics. (eds. G. Gissel-Nielsen and A. Jensen). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht , pp 303-310.

Refereed Journal Articles

  • Smith, S.E., Smith, F.A . and Jakobsen, I. (2004). Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses: the contribution of the mycorrhizal P uptake pathway is not correlated with mycorrhizal responses in growth or total P uptake. New Phytologist 162 9in press)

  • R ohyadi, A ., Smith, F.A ., Murray, R.S. and Smith, S.E. (2004) Effects of pH on mycorrhizal colonisation and nutrient uptake in cowpea under conditions that minimise confounding effects of elevated available aluminium. Plant and Soil (in press)

  • *Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, F.A ., Hay, G.T., Carne-Cavagnaro, V.L. and Smith SE. (2004). Inoculum type does not affect overall resistance of an arbuscular mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant to colonisation but inoculation does change competitive interactions with wild-type tomato. New Phytologist 161, 485-494.

  • Ezawa, T., Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, S.E., Smith, F.A . and Ohtomo. R. (2004). Rapid accumulation of polyphosphate in extraradical hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as revealed by histochemistry and polyphosphate kinase/luciferase system, New Phytologist 161, 387-392. (Rapid communication).

  • Dickson, S., Schweiger, P., Smith, F.A ., Söderström, B. and S.E. Smith. (2003). Paired arbuscules in the Arum -type arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Linum usitatissimum . Canadian Journal of Botany 81, 457-463.

  • *Smith, S.E. , Smith, F.A . and Jakobsen, I . ( 2003). Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses. Plant Physiology 133, 16-20.

  • Li, H-Y., Zhu, Y-G., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2003). Phosphorus-zinc interactions in two barley cultivars differing in phosphorus and zinc efficiencies Journal of Plant Nutrition 26, 1085-1099.

  • Zhao, Z-Q., Zhu, Y-G., Li, H-Y., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2003). Effects of forms and rates of potassium fertilizers on cadmium uptake by two cultivars of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Environment International 1073, 1-6.

  • Kasiamdari, R.S., Smith, S.E., Smith, F.A . and Scott, E.S. (2002) Influence of the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus coronatum and soil phosphorus on infection and disease caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia solani on mung bean ( Vigna radiata ). Plant and Soil 238, 235-244.

  • *O'Connor, P.J., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizas influence plant diversity and community structure in a semi-arid herbland. New Phytologist 154, 209-218.

  • Zhu Y-G., Smith S.E. and Smith F.A. (2002) Zinc (Zn)-phosphorus interactions in two cultivars of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) differing in P uptake efficiency: I. Plant growth and cation composition. Annals of Botany 88, 941-945.

  • Zhu, Y-G., Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (2002) Phosphorus efficiencies and their effects on Zn, Cu and Mn nutrition of different barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) cultivars grown in sand culture. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 211-216.

  • Zhu Y-G., He Y.Q., Smith S.E. and Smith F.A. (2002) Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) has capacity to take up phosphorus from a calcium (Ca)-bound source. Plant and Soil 239, 1-8.

  • Kasiamdari, R.S., Smith, S.E., Scott, E.S. and Smith, F.A . (2002). Identification of binucleate Rhizoctonia as a contaminant of pot cultures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and development of a PCR-based method of detection. Mycological Research 106, 1417-1426.

  • *Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, F.A ., Ayling, S.M. and Smith, S.E. (2002). Growth and P nutrition of a Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytologist , 157, 127-134.

  • Ezawa T., Smith, S. E. and Smith, F.A . (2001) Enzyme activity involved in glucose phosphorylation in two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: indication that polyP is not the main phosphagen. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, 1279-1281.

  • Ayling, S.M., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2001). Colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi changes the relationship between phosphorus uptake and membrane potential in leek ( Allium porrum ) seedlings. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28, 391-399.

  • Zhu Y.G., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2001) Plant growth and cation composition of two cultivars of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) differing in P uptake efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 1277-1282.

  • Timonen, S., Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (2001). Microtubules of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in symbiosis with tomato roots. Canadian Journal of Botany 79, 307-313.

  • Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, F.A ., Lorimer, M.F., Haskard, K.A., Ayling, S.M. and Smith, S.E. (2001). Quantitative development of Paris -type arbuscular mycorrhizas formed between Asphodelus fistulosus and Glomus coronatum . New Phytologist 149, 105-113.

  • Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, F.A . , Kolesik, P., Ayling, S.M. and Smith, S.E. (2001) Arbuscular mycorrhizas formed by Asphodelus fistulosus and Glomus coronatum : three-dimensional analysis of plant nuclear shift using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Symbiosis 30, 109-121.

  • Ezawa, T., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2001) Differentiation of polyphosphate metabolism between the extra- and intraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 149, 555-563.

  • *Cavagnaro, T. R., Gao, L. Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (2001). Morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizas is influenced by fungal identity. New Phytologist 151, 469-475.

  • O'Connor, P.J., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2001) Arbuscular mycorrhizas in the Southern Simpson Desert. Australian Journal of Botany 49, 1-8.

  • Zhu Y-G., Smith S.E. and Smith F.A. (2001). Zinc (Zn)-phosphorus interactions in two cultivars of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) differing in P uptake efficiency: II. P and Zn uptake. Annals of Botany 88, 941-945.

  • Zhang, Q., Smith, F.A ., Sekimoto, H. and Reid, R.J. (2001) Effect of membrane surface charge on nickel uptake by mung bean root protoplasts. Planta 213, 788-793.

  • Zhu, Y.G., Smith, S.E., Barritt, A.R. and Smith, F.A . (2001) Phosphorus (P) efficiencies and mycorrhizal responsiveness of historical and modern wheat cultivars. Plant and Soil 237, 249-255.

  • Reid, R.J., Mimura, T., Ohsumi, Y. and Smith, F.A . (2000). Phosphate uptake in Chara : membrane transport via Na/Pi cotransport. Plant, Cell and Environment 23, 223-228.

  • *Smith, F.A . , Jakobsen, I. and Smith, S.E. (2000). Spatial differences in acquisition of soil phosphate between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Medicago truncatula . New Phytologist 147, 357-366.

  • Liu, J., Reid, R.J. and Smith, F.A . (2000). Mechanism of cobalt toxicity in mung beans. Physiologia Plantarum 110, 104-110.

  • Reid, R.J. and Smith, F.A . (2000). The limits of sodium/calcium interactions in plant growth. Australian journal of Plant Physiology 27, 709-715.

  • Ayling, S.M., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (2000). Transmembrane electric potential differences of germ tubes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi responds to external stimuli. New Phytologist 147, 631-639.

  • Owens, G., Ferguson, V.K., McLaughlin, M.J., Singleton, I., Reid, R.J. and Smith, F.A . (2000). Determination of NTA and EDTA and speciation of their metal complexes in aqueous solution by capillary electrophoresis. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 885-891.

  • *Dickson, S., Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (1999). Characterisation of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Allium porrum L. I Colonisation, plant growth and P uptake. New Phytologist 144, 163-172.

  • *Dickson, S., Smith, F.A and Smith, S.E. (1999). Characterisation of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Allium porrum L. II Inflow and Flux of P across the interface. New Phytologist 144, 173-181.

  • *Rosewarne, G.M., Barker, S.J., Smith, S.E., Smith, F.A . and Schachtman, D.P. (1999). A Lycopersicon esculentum phosphate transporter ( LePT1 ) involved in P uptake from a VA mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytologist 144, 507-516.

Refereed Conference Proceedings

  • Smith, S.E. Ayling, S.M., Rosewarne, G., Dickson, S., Schachtman, D.P., Barker, S.J., Reid, R.J., Delp, G. and Smith, F.A . (1999) Transport between vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal symbionts: insights from molecular and physiological studies. Proceedings of Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture and Forest Ecosystems. (Eds Smith, F.A ., Kramadibrata, K., Simanungulit, R.D.M., Sukarno, N. and Taka Nuhamara, S.). R&D Centre for Biology, Bogor . pp 25-34.

  • Smith, F.A ., Dickson, S. and Smith, S.E. (1999). The legacy of Janse: biodiversity in function of VA mycorrhizas. Proceedings of Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture and Forest Ecosystems. (Eds Smith, F.A ., Kramadibrata, K., Simanungulit, R.D.M., Sukarno, N. and Taka Nuhamara, S.) R&D Centre for Biology, Bogor, pp 9-17.

  • Ayling, S.M., Smith, F.A ., Reid, R.J., and Smith, S.E. (1999). Physiological change in mycorrhizal hyphae during colonization: implications for development. Proceedings, Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture & Forest Ecosystems. (Eds Smith, F.A . , Kramadibrata, K., Simanungkalit, R.D.M., Sukarno, N. and Taka Nuhamara,S.), R&D Centre for Biology, Bogor, pp189-193.

  • Dickson, S., Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (1999). Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal structures and their visualisation using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Proceedings, Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture & Forest Ecosystems. (Eds Smith, F.A . , Kramadibrata, K., Simanungkalit, R.D.M., Sukarno, N. and Taka Nuhamara, S.), R&D Centre for Biology, Bogor, pp 55-59.

  • *Smith, F.A . , Smith, S.E. and Reid, R.J. (1999). Membranes and mineral nutrition: opportunities for integration and progress. In: Plant Nutrition - Molecular Biology and Genetics. Proceedings of the 6 th International Symposium on Genetics and Molecular Biology of Plant Nutrition. Ed by G. Gissel-Nielsen and A. Jensen. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. pp 291-301.

  • Smith, S.E., Rosewarne, G.M., Ayling, S.M., Dickson, S., Schachtman, D.P., Barker, S.J. and Smith, F.A . (1999) Mycorrhizal involvement in plant mineral nutrition: a molecular and cell biology perspective. In: Plant Nutrition- Molecular Biology and Genetics. Proceedings of the 6 th International Symposium on Genetics and Molecular Biology of Plant Nutrition. Ed by G. Gissel-Nielsen and A. Jensen. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. pp.303-310.

Ten career-best publications

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Reviews and Book Chapters

  • Raven, J.A. and Smith, F.A . (1976). Nitrogen assimilation and transport in vascular land plants in relation to intracellular pH regulation. New Phytologist 76 , 415-431.

  • Smith, F.A . and Raven, J.A. (1979). Intracellular pH and its regulation. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology 30, 289-311. [Invited Review]

  • *Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A . (1990). Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. New Phytologist 14 , 1-38. [Invited Tansley Review]

  • *Johnson, N.C., Graham, J.H. and Smith, F.A . (1997). Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytologist 135 , 575-585 [Invited review]

  • * Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (1997). Structural diversity in (vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 137 , 373-388. [Invited Tansley Review]

Refereed journal papers

  • Walker, N.A., Beilby, M.J. and Smith, F.A . (1979). Amine uniport at the plasmalemma of charophyte cells. I. Current-voltage-curves, saturation kinetics, and effects of unstirred layers. Journal of Membrane Biology 49 , 21-56.

  • Sanders, D., Smith, F.A . and Walker, N.A. (1985). Proton/chloride cotransport in Chara : mechanism of enhanced influx after rapid external acidification. Planta 163 , 411-418.

  • * Smith, F.A . , Jakobsen, I. and Smith, S.E. (2000). Spatial differences in acquisition of soil phosphate between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Medicago truncatula . New Phytologist 147 , 357-366.

  • *Cavagnaro, T. R., Gao, L. Smith, F.A . and Smith, S.E. (2001). Morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizas is influenced by fungal identity. New Phytologist 151, 469-475.

  • *Smith, S.E., Smith, F.A . and Jakobsen, I. (2003). Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses. Plant Physiology 133, 16-20.

 

 

 

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